Postmodernity
Changes in Soc since ww2
Enlightment > ww2 Positivist
Post ww2 > now
Changes
Evoluiton or break - both views
Critique based
A space from which to explore - meta rationality
Meta narrative
Lyotard - after scientific truth deemed not universally valid
left with stories not knowledge claims
lack of confidence in
Science- as commodity driven by commodities
fragmented language games
rules structures agreed by players actors can be analysed
(c.f views : optimum view c.f specific in religion - christian - etc)
local narratives - existensial uncertainty - (horizon deepwater)
Bauldrillard
commodification of culture
Sense of self
IDea of No depth
18th c > Reproductive Tech > USe values Codes simulations
structural ules
Religious
Theatre
Images not connected to reality
signs replace authenticity
privat public (big brother)
> Manufacture the real to assure us of authenticity
Frederic Jameson
Late capitalism
Cosmic
Reproductive
Commodification of representation
Post Marxists
global cognitive mapping required - (PCP)
David Harvey
Ineualitieas still exist in post structural world
(c.f talking) ( infinite freedom) ( freedom to limit self defame)
Michelle de certeau
Everyday acts of resistance daily basis
reappropriation
activity of re-use lies an abundance of opportunities for ordinary people to subvert the rituals and representations that institutions seek to impose upon them.
Not passive victims of circumstances
creative opporunities
informal tatics
Certeau’s distinction between the concepts of strategy and tactics. Certeau links "strategies" with institutions and structures of power, while "tactics" are utilized by individuals to create space for themselves in environments defined by strategies.
In the influential chapter "Walking in the City", he describes "the city" as a "concept", generated by the strategic maneuvering of governments, corporations, and other institutional bodies who produce things like maps that describe the city as a unified whole, as it might be experienced by someone looking down from high above. By contrast, the walker at street level moves in ways that are tactical and never fully determined by the plans of organizing bodies, taking shortcuts or meandering aimlessly in spite of the utilitarian layout of the grid of streets. This concretely illustrates Certeau's assertion that everyday life works by a process of poaching on the territory of others, recombining the rules and products that already exist in culture in a way that is influenced, but never wholly determined, by those rules and products.
De Certeau makes a point in linking the history of writing history to the legitimization of political power and that "Western" traditions of history involve using the act of writing as a tool of colonialism; writing their own histories while un-writing the embodied traditions of native peoples.
it effectively deflects a strategy’s influence, and it renders its own activities an "unmappable" form of subversion. He pointed out that in its slipperiness lies a good deal of its power. This occurs through the unconscious ways people try to make things like books and city street systems "habitable" in their minds. Social science, or science in general, cannot hope to be able to map tactical activity, but it can try at least to make its formal discussion possible.
Instead, Certeau attempts to outline the way individuals unconsciously navigate everything from city streets to literary texts.
Mouffe Hegemony
not class too simple
Multiple Identities > radical democracy required
Different groups have differen roles to play
to declare identity is an act of power Mouffe
Lefbre
social space has been abstract
Idea of fixed essence - (enlightmnt)gone
Multiple identities - fabricated but feedback with forms of consumption
Defined by differentiation from ( the other)
( Normal//abnormal)
Normalised identity
binary oppositions
Civilised /uncivilised
hegemonic - maintian
counter hegemonic change
categories of "the other" constructed by who?
to accept representation allows power
institutionalised
Identity Politics
Feminise
Can a researcher take on another culture
Globalization
cultural flows - symbols capital people consumerism
Homogenisation and uniqueness of local
framented communiton transnationals
bricolage
Crisis of representation
exercises in power
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